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The first. Actually, the second... maybe both. And why not neither? Do the actions of will have to conform to the same principles as propositional logic does? Is there a tertium non datur according to which we are prevented from wanting and not wanting the same things, just as a proposition can classicaly either be true or false, but never both at the same time? Is there such a thing as the law of non-contradiction of will? are there even laws that govern will in the first place? and if there are, to what extent do they apply? So many questions! Heraclitus famously stated that "we never step into the same river twice", simply because, once we step into the river again, the river we once stepped into has long ceased to exist. If no river is the same river, if no object is the same object, is there even a law of identity in the first place? maybe not regarding physical objects, which are always becoming, but ideal objects and concepts of aprioristic origin could still be bound by the law of identity, but since they exist only in our minds, and our mind is a reflex of matter - which is always becoming -, doesn't that mean that both ideal objects and concepts of aprioristic origin are a reflex of matter as well? and if they are, doesn't that mean that they are always becoming, too? if matter is always becoming, and ideal objects and concepts of aprioristic origin are a reflex of matter, how could they not be always becoming, always transforming themselves just as well? Most importantly, if no thing is the same thing as any other thing, is there even such a thing as logic in the first place?